Boys Anatomy

DEVELPOMENT
o Testis- the sac that drops during puberty.
o Voice changes occur. The voice gets deeper, but before this happens the male voice gets chirpy.
o Facial and body hair starts to grow on the body.

Girls Anatomy

DEVELOPMENT
Menstrual cycle- when a girl becomes a women. A girl who is beginning to grow up and start puberty, she will start her period. This is normal and nothing to be worried about. Now she is able to have children.
Breasts- this is another natural thing that happens when you are going through puberty.
When a girl reaches puberty she also starts to grow hair, just like boys.

Sexuality

HOMOSEXUAL
o When someone is attracted to the same sex.
HETEROSEXUAL
o People who are attracted to the opposite sex.
BISEXUAL
o When someone is attracted to both sexes. Both male and female.
HERMAPHRODITES
o Extremely rare cases when a person is born with both genitalia.

Maintaining Health

CHECK UPS
o Routine check ups with your doctor. This is to make sure everything is working properly and you are staying healthy.
GYNOCOLOGIST
o When a girl becomes sexually active or reachs the age of 18, girls start going to the gynecologist to get checked up. These visits should be done every six months.
PROSTATE EXAM
o Men get prostate exams just like women go to the gynecologist. These exams should be done every 6 months also.

SELF EXAMINATIONS
o Girls should feel the breast to make sure they don’t feel anything unusual like lumps. Men should feel the ball sac also to feel for anything unusual.

Sex in General

At what age are people able to have sex?
There is really no real age that people arev ready to have sex. After puberty the body is physicaly ready to have se or intercourse but that does not mean that the person is mentally ready for sex. Once a person hits puberty their bodies are able to reproduce and create another human being.

What is intercourse?
Intercourse is the act of sexual procreation between a man and a woman; the man's penis is inserted into the woman's vagina and excited until orgasm and ejaculation occur.
There are many ways to engage in intercourse:
Oral Sex is sexual activities that involves using the mouth. This would include the tongue, throat, teeth and lips in order to stimulate genitalia.
Three terms to terms to know:
Cunnilingus: oral sex performed on a woman.
Fellatio: oral sex performed on a man.
Analingus: oral stimulation of a person's anus.
Fact: Oral stimulation of other parts is usually not considered oral sex.
Caution: Oral sex can cause STD’s such as:

Chlamydia

Human Papillomavirus (HPV)

gonorrhea

herpes

hepatitis

oral cancer

HIV.

• The risk of transmitting HIV is very low. Researchers believe that oral cancer is caused by HPV: “a virus that has been implicated in the majority of cervical cancers and which has been detected in throat cancer tissue in numerous studies.”
  
• Protection for Oral Sex
  Using condoms and other contraceptives during the performance of oral sex will decrease the risk of STD’s or other diseases.
  Anal sex: sexual activities that involves the anus, anal cavity, or rectum. Anal intercourse is the insertion of an erect penis into the rectum.
  
• Risk
  Anal sex can cause physical damage to the anus and the rectum. Physical damage include:
• ano-rectal trauma
• hemorrhoids
• anal fissures
• rectal prolapse
• There are infections for microorganisms that are only found in the anus, HIV, anal cancer, and typhoid fever. Other infectious diseases are: Amoebiasis; Chlamydia; Cryptosporidiosis; E. coli infections; Giardiasis; Gonorrhea; Hepatitis A; Hepatitis B; Hepatitis C; Herpes simplex; Human papillomavirus; Lymphogranuloma venereum; Pubic lice; Salmonellosis; Shigellosis; Syphilis; Tuberculosis.
  
• Protection for Anal Sex
  Even though a female can not get pregnant it is best to use a condom.
  
• Vaginal Sexual Intercourse: known has coitus, when an erect penis is inserted into the vagina. The primary purpose of vaginal sex is for reproduction, but it is often performed exclusively for pleasure or as an expression of love and emotional intimacy.
  
• Risk
  Not only can having vaginal sex cause STI, STD, but it can also cause social and emotional risk. Social and emotional risks can include bad relationship, gaining bad reputation, feeling guilty, feeling alone and low self esteem.
  
• Protection
  Using a condom is always wise but if condom is not present ,other options are available:the birth control pill, NuvaRing, diaphragm, cervical cap, spermicidal gel and more.
  
• What is safe sex?
  “Sexual activity in which safeguards, such as the use of a condom and the avoidance of high-risk acts, are employed to reduce the chance of acquiring or spreading a sexually transmitted disease.”

Safe Sex

Reasons to practice safe sex:
What safe sex can do to Physical Health
-Wards off Cancer
-Heals Wounds
-Promotes Growth
-Improves Sense of Smell
-Pain Relief
-Better Bladder Control
-Decreases Risk of Breast Cancer
-Lowers Cholesterol
-Boosts Longevity
-Boosts the Immune System
-Improves Circulation
-Fights Signs of Aging
-Improves Fitness Level
- Shiny Hair and Healthy Skin
-Better Teeth
What safe sex can do to Mental Health
Fights Depression
Reduces Stress

How safe sex can help the Reproductive System
Promotes Fertility
Promotes Regular Menstrual Cycles

Contraceptives

Contraceptives

There are many types of contraceptives:

• Barrier Methods- method were no sperm can pass into the female reproductive tract.
  Male Condoms

• Female Condoms
  
• Contraceptive Sponge
  Cervical Cap
  Diaphragm
  
  
  
  
  
  
• Hormonal contraception- made up of female sex hormones like estrogen and progestin.
  There are different ways to take hormonal contraception: oral, injection, and implanted.
• 
  Birth Control Pills (Oral)
  -Combined oral contraceptive pill-it is a combined estrogen and progesterone pill which is taken daily at the same time.
  -Progesterone only pill
• Injection
  -Combined injectable contraceptive: a monthly injection of progesterone and estradiol.
  -Depo Provera: injection of progesterone administered every three months.
  
• Implanted

Progesterone IntraUterine System: it is inserted into the uterus by a health care professional, where it continuously releases progesterone.
-Contraceptive patch: an adhesive patch containing hormones which is applied to the skin and worn continuously. It is changed each week for three weeks and removed for one week
-Contraceptive vaginal ring-a flexible ring containing estrogen and progesterone, it is inserted into the vagina and worn for three continuous weeks, removed for one week, then replaced with a new ring.

• 
  Sterilization
  Tubal Ligation- permanently blocks female’s uterine tube where sperm join egg.
  Vasectomy- permanently blocks male’s vas deferentia that carries sperm.
  

• For most Hormonal contraception there are side effects are:
  Weight gain
  Irregular menstrual bleeding
  Increased blood pressure
  Adverse effects on cholesterol and lipid levels
  Abdominal discomfort
  Dizziness
  Hair loss
  Headaches
  Loss of bone density
  Mood changes
  Nervousness
  Weakness or fatigue
  Application site reaction
  Breast tenderness
  Menstrual cramps
  Upper respiratory infection

Diseases

Diseases

Sexually transmitted infection (STI) Sexually transmitted disease (STD)- are spread from person to person by close physical contact during vaginal, anal, or oral sex.

Some STI/STD are:
Chlamydia

Gential Herpes
Gential Warts
Gonorrhea
Hepatitis B
HIV and AIDS
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
Pubic Lice
Syshilis
Trichomoniasis
Human Papillomavirus Infection
Scabies
Vaginal Yeast Infection
Vaginosis

Symptoms
Unusual vaginal or urethral discharge
Itching
Painful intercourse
Painful urination
Open sores in the genital area or near the mouth, hands, or other body parts that may come into contact with your or your partner’s genitals
Unknown lumps or bumps, particularly if they spread, are filled with fluid, or may be painful
Unusual body odors or odors from urine
Warts or other swelling in the genital area
Visible parasites
Fever, nausea, headaches, lethargy, or other general illness symptoms
Abdominal pain, particularly in the lower abdominal region
Irregular menstruation
More frequent urination
Skin discoloration or unusual bruising
Patchy hair loss

Infertility

Infertility- when a woman or man has difficulties in conceiving.

Artificial Insemination- is the process where sperm is placed into a female's uterus or cervix.

Fertility Drugs- stimulate ovulation in a women who are not ovulating.

In vitro Fertilization- an embryo is transplanted into the mother’s uterus.

Gamete Intrafallopian Transfer- Harvesting an egg from the women’s ovary and placing it in the uterine tube with the man’s sperm.

Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection- sperm cell injected into an egg.

Nonsurgical embryo Transfer- fertilized egg is implanted into the mother’s uterus.

Embryo Tranfer- an ovum from a donor is artificially inseminated by the man’s sperm.

Surrogate mother-a woman agrees to become pregnant and give birth to a child for others to raise.

Preparation

BABIES
Preparation
Babies can be both expensive and life changing including the preparations before the baby is born, for example women who are pregnant must take appropriate precautions to protect the baby:
No smoking or alcohol
-Second hand smoke can be just as harmful as smoking a cigarette.
Drinking while pregnant can cause diseases such as Fetal alcohol syndrome which causes retardation.

Other harmful behavior includes:
-Caffeine
-X-rays
-Not maintaining the average weight for pregnancy
(25 to 35 lbs)
-cat litter (otc drugs)

Signs of Pregnancy

Top 10 Signs your Pregnant
Food cravings.

• Darkening of your areolas.
  Implantation bleeding or cramping.
  Frequent urination.
  Fatigue.
  Tender, swollen breasts.
  Altered sense of taste.
  Morning sickness.
  A missed period.
  A positive home pregnancy test.

Other Options

Abortion
- Vacuum suction method
-Dilation and Evacuation (D&E) - is used in the second trimester

- Dilation and Curettage-(D&C) is used in the second trimester

Intact dilation and extraction (D&X) is the abortion performed that is considered a partial birth and is only used in severe cases when the mother is at risk.
Mifepristone is the abortion pill and this type of contraceptives calls for many doctor visits.
Prostaglandin or saline induction is used in the second trimester
A Hysterotomy is the surgical removal of the fetus

Miscarriages:
-The loss of a pregnancy before the baby is born, this usually occurs before the 20 weeks of pregnancy and the reason is usually unknown.
-This is the body’s way of getting rid of a baby that is not growing normally
Symptoms include:
-severe bleeding
-abdominal pain
-chills or high temperature

Birth Defects:
-The abnormality in structure, function or body metabolism
-Caused by genetics, environment, not enough folic acid
-Many can be identified using prenatal screening and treated
-150,000 babies are born with birth defects in the United States

Stages of the Pregnancy

First Trimester
-After the sperm has successfully fertilized the egg, the genetic material combines and forms a cell.
-After four weeks this cell develops into an Embryo. At the end of the third month, the embryo is now called a fetus which means organs are in place.

An umbilical cord is what supplies the baby with:

-nutrients
-food
-wastes
-oxygen
-Body changes include:
-breast tenderness and discharge
-lower back pain and cramps
-sinus congestion
Second Trimester
-The organs are fully developed
-gender can be identified
-baby is active and can hear loud noises
- Eyelids open and baby can observe the womb

Body Changes:
-rapid changes in emotions and appearance
-breast enlargement and baby pouch starts forming
Third Trimester
-Lung development is almost complete
-Baby moves regularly and often changes position due to the light
-hip joints soften up
-body prepares for labor and delivery
-posture weakens due to back pain
-waddling can substitute for walking

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z3WA9iHz5ww

Labor:
-There are two types of drugs that can be given during labor:
-Analgesics- drugs that will make you more comfortable but
that will not eliminate the pain completely.
-Anesthetics- drug that is inserted into the space between
The spinal cord and vertebrae
-The first signs of labor include:
-Contractions (more and closer together)
-Baby moves into the pelvic cavity and the head is moved to the pelvic opening
-Water breaks
Stage 1: effacement and dilation of the cervix
Stage 2: Delivery of the baby
Stage 3: Delivery of the placenta
- The uterus is a powerful muscle that tightens and relaxes
rhythmically during labor.